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Sri Bwuwanecwara Wishnu Sakalatmaka: Inscription of Kancana (860AD)Java
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Taken from Wikipedia (+others)
Old Javanese-English Dictionary
Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninkl. Akad. v. Wetenschappen. Afd.
Letterkunde, Amsterdam, 1881
The Indian Historical quarterly vol.XI; An Old-Javanese Prasasti from Surabaya of the Saka year 956 by Himansu Bhusan Sarkar.
Also called inscription on copper plates of Kancana
There are two inscriptions on the plates, one being a 1367 AD reissue of an inscription from 860 AD. The other from 1367.
A short description of the text is given up to the end of plate 6. (out of 14)
The inscription records the command of H.M. Sri Bhuvanesvara Vişnusakalatmaka Digvijaya Digvijaya Parakramat (t) ungadeva, bearing the name of Lokapala, in respect of the foundation of a freehold (a dharmasima lepas) for the Rev. gentleman of Bodhimimba.
He commands his three Chief Ministers of Hino, Sirikan and Halu to put into effect:
... the sacred royal command of the edict that has received the ratification (seal) of Lokapala.
They are to protect this rigidly and mark out a free-hold of the land that the Rev. gentleman at Bodhimimba (accordingly) obtained against the payment of gold 7 kati (1) 12 suvarna (2) (and) 10 masa (3) to the paravargga-s of Bungur South....
The measurement of their savah-fields (4) is tempah 20, including gardens, compounds, low and high places [hills and plains], all'. Moreover, there is the ground of (the village of) Kuryyak....
(This) was taken possession of by the Rev. gentleman for gold 2 kati 10 masa .... These then should be marked out into a free-hold by the Rev. gentleman at Bodhimimba.
The free-hold shall be inherited by his children...[who] shall have the sole authority over it.
In recognition of the favour of the king, this person, a Buddhist priest, was expected to pray for the stability of the king's authority.
Stones (sang hyang) were to be planted in the eight directions of wind.
In it a temple with a Buddhistic image will be built and, after the consecration - ceremony will be over, that freehold obtained the title Freehold of Kancana.
The image of Buddha in this freehold was to be worshipped in each (month of) Kartika. ………………
Besides, silver was to be brought, along with other necessaries, at the place of the purificatory rites, on the occasion of each full Moon in the month of Asadha. ……………
(Then follows the description of the borders of the freehold and its use of the fields). Followed by:
Plate5 rear
They may have white umbrella, they may use foot-bells day and night (the use of golden bells was a royal privilege), shining ivory, pras watang, pras sidhayuga, pras anggi (all special ceremonies), precious stones, golden paints, and floral products used by the hino (this is a high official title), (such as), wreaths of serpent-flowers, navagraha, epung-flowers etc.
......... tan katamana de ni (and not allowed to be entered by) winawa sang mena katrini, pangkur, tawan, tirip, (the three main human incarnations of gods= three most important ministers named pangkur, tawan, tirip) pinghe wahuta rima, niyaka pratyaya, = (different officials and notaries) nguninguni de sang (=especially the) anagata (futher) prabhu (king) tke sakweh (all) sa-mangilala drwyahaji, (king’s miscellaneous tax collectors) wuluwulu parawulu (artisans of the king) prakaragong admit (big and small) ring dangu (for a long time), makadi (to have) misra paramigra (=misra paramisra: officers who collect taxes on handicraft businesses), pangura(ng), kring, (mendicant friar), padem, (class of persons), manimpiki, (cabinet workers), paranakan, (one who belongs to a mixed cast) limus galuh, (gold craftsman), ….. (a list of 82 names) …. (they fill the rest of plate5 rear and plate6 front). And still continues:
Plate6 rear
…. Rahashya (magicians), tuha-dagang, (overseer of prostitutes) tuhanambi (medical man) pakarapa (a gatherer of wild roots and
herbs?), kdi
(unfertile), walyan (doctor), sambal,
sumbul (police officers), hulun haji (kings slaves), singgah (slave walking in front of his owner), pabrsi (carries the cushions), pajut (negrito slave),
jenggi (black slave) watek I
jro (court attendants) ityewamadi (and so
forth).
All these may not at all tread upon the foundation: the foundation
alone is the authority over all of its royal charges, even so (over) its good and bad, events, such as the areca-blossom that bears no fruit, the pumpkin that creeps along the ground, death,
corpse bedewed, blood split on the ground ………..
Taken from: Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient of tombe 47 of 1955 ;Etudes d’épigraphie Indonésienne par Louis-Charles Damais p26.
………. (Prof. Krom) failed to notice that the same arguments prove that this text cannot, in the form in which it has come down to us, be from the ninth century Saka. He himself says that the element -lancana (or, more correctly -lanchana) appears only under the Dynasty of Kadiri. However, the first known documents of this Dynasty date from the first half of the 11th century Saka. And the data such as grahacara, dewata, mandala ei muhurtta are unknown in the inscriptions of the IX century as well as in those of the VIII centuries Saka. It is certain, and the writing confirms it, that the inscription of Kancana, in its current form, is much later than the 9th century Saka, It certainly dates from the time of the inscription B. (Bungur B), that is to say from the end of the 14th century Saka.
With regard to the name of Lokapala, … it is almost certainly the personal name (Pu Lokapala) of the sovereign designated so far in the epigraphic literature under his name of the prerogative of Raka i Kayuwangi, The oldest documents known to him are the two Wanua Tengah inscriptions of 785 Saka (see below) and the date of the inscription, 782, makes it very likely that he was already in power on this date, the engraver therefore copied the name of Lokapala but he added to it the word -lancana which he probably knew from the titles of Jayabhaya, Srngga, etc.
However different the text of this inscription may be from the lost original, it is important to note that the elements of the date have been copied exactly and, the name of the sovereign being appropriate to the known historical framework, we believe he can be trusted until proven otherwise.
(1) kati: a quarter of a gold coin.
(2) Suvarna : the standard gold coin.
(3) masa: small silver coin.
(4) savah-fields: rice fields with interconnected irrigation.