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Sri Airlangga: Inscription of Baru (1030AD)

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Taken from: The Indian Historical Quarterly by Himansu Bhusan Sarkar 1935

 

 

Left a statue of Airlangga.


 
The prasasti describes the gift of free-holds to the karaman (community) of Baru by King Airlangga who was given protection by them one night at a critical period of his war with the king of Hasin from Tumasik (Singapore?) This stone inscription is described in the text as tamraprasasti probably because it is a copy from a copperplate record.

First face and right side.

 

1-6 0 Hail! The Saka year (1) past, 956 (2), the month of Vaisakha (3), seventh day of the dark half of the month, paniron (day of the six-day week), wage (day of the five-day week), ……. At this time the orders of Sri Maharaja ……. Airlangga ……… were received by ……., who ordered that the karaman (community) of Baru all together shall bring into execution the sacred royal command (inscribed on) the copper-plate sealed with Garudamukha. (4) This has to be taken care of in connection with the night-sojourn of H. M. the great king at this place of Baru. The necessity thereof being that, in the night, while he was desirous of conquering enemies, Sri maharaja had to dwell in the field of battle. These enemies of him were from Hasin (5). Afterwards, he alone possessed the earth-ball. ……………………….

 

17-26 the copper plate has to be taken care of by the karaman (community) of Baru, all together. …………... Futher, the future Kings must indeed take leave off the place of Baru …. Only the karaman of Baru have the sole authority of possessing free-hold of Baru including (its) delights and troubles, great and small, in connection with its freedom. This freedom may not be violated by being brought under the Honorable three (viziers) …… and all sorts of ‘people who live on royal income great and small, having at their head, the (6)   ……….

 

27-29 all (these) may not at all force upon the place of Baru, Only the headman of Baru up to its whole extent are the sole authority over all of its possessions, of great and small sorts. Further, the ramantas (elders?) of (Ba-)ru can have two places as business-markets where to regulate the sale of cotton goods, necklaces of precious metals, camara-fans of merchants, two classes of red paints, carrier-baskets, and different kinds of transactions in wares, transactions in rice and wwelya (?). Further they can obtain rent from goldsmiths, ironsmiths. brass-smiths. They can also possess the dayang, (prostitutes or slave girls) hunjman (inferior class of people under an overseer) nambi, (medical man) jenggi (negro slaves), pujut (negrito slaves). If all such persons do not recognise (the authority of) all the ramanta-s (elders?)  of Baru, to such as these good and bad things may happen, e.g., the areca-flower that bears no fruit, the pumpkin that creeps along the ground, death, …………..

 

Second face and left side

 

1-9……… The karaman (community) of Baru are the authority over the whole extent of the place. In making use of this place the hermitage (in Baru) should be respected by the ramanta-s (elders?)  of Baru, the Rev. Huwan, the Rev. Depur, the Rev. Kawyolan, the Rev. Roh. Now these have to be enforced by the tanda rakryan of Balan by publicly announcing from the way to go (the following, viz.,) the intruders, whether great or small, including the ………. (Here follows a list of 36 categories of unwanted intruders of which I only will mention the last) ………. magalah, (lancers) mamanah (bowmen), magandi, (wielders of clubs) matengran (flag carriers), makuda, (cavalry officers) mahaliman, (elephant riders) makarapa, (gatherers of firewood) karungan, (boar keepers) pawdusan, (goat keepers) mahwan, (?) lambu, (?) even as jang-haturan padu pabaraka kdi(unfertile) walyan(doctor) sambal sumbul (police officers) hulun haji(kings slaves) jenggi (black slave) singgah (slave walking in front of his owner) mabrsi (cushion-carriers) mawaluwulung, (wulung = black or dark) ityaiwamadi (= etc.). All who likewise take care of the inner regions may not have any doubt about what the place Baru stands for: they may not take all kinds of forbidden things from that place......(e.g. betelnut, trees, fruit, animals) ……. Similarly, others may not create troubles. If there be anyone who does not bestow (any) care for the substance of the sacred, royal command (contained in) the copperplate which has (indeed) to be taken care of by the hardman of Baru to the full extent of the place, by all the elders and the young, for troubles arising therefrom (i.e. from that negligence) and for all sorts scant courtesy to the sacred royal command, he shall pay the fine of ka 4 ma su 10.

 

10- till the end …. (The community of Baru offers cloth on this occasion to a long list of people) (Then follows a list of names of people of the community of Baru)


See note on Inscriptions in Java

(1) The Shaka era is a historical Hindu calendar era, the beginning of which is AD 78. The era has been widely used in different regions of India as well as in SE Asia.

(2) 1030 AD

(3) Vaisakha is a month of the Hindu calendar that corresponds to April/May in the Gregorian Calendar.

(4) face of the Garuda mythical bird of prey.

(5) This place is unknown.

(6) Here follows a list of 80 groups of people of which many have not been translated yet. Only the last once are classes of people that normally are mentioned when also Jengi are mentioned. But here Jengi are not added; They are: widu mangidung =song singers, watek I jro (court attendants) ityaiwamadi (= etc.)

On top and right; the actual Stone prasasti.