The emperor of Ethiopia talks with early muslim refugees.

On top and under: Bilal calling for prayer

The lives of the above africans was important for the development of Islam. For most africans in the Islamic empire live was more simple; as pictured in the following pictures.

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Ibn al Jawzi: Tanwir al-Ghabash fi fadl al-Sudan wa al-Habash (d1200) (The Illumination of the darkness on the Merits of the Blacks and Ethiopians). from Baghdad
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Abd al-Raḥman b. Ali b. Muḥammad Abu 'l-Farash b. al-Jawzi, (1116 – 1201) was an Arab Muslim jurisconsult, preacher, orator, heresiographer, traditionist, historian, judge, hagiographer, and philologist born in Baghdad. After his studies the caliph, al-Mustanjid (d. 1170), called upon Ibn al-Jawzi to preach his sermons in the Caliph's Palace mosque. He became recognised as one of the most influential persons in Baghdad. We are mostly interested in his book to defend African People. However he does not write anything specifically for East Africa.

Taken from: Imran Hamza Alawiye, Ibn Jawzi’s Apologia on Behalf of the Black People and Their Status in Islam

In his introduction:
I saw a group of the best Ethiopians broken-hearted and sad because of the darkness of their color. So I informed them that deference is based upon the doing of good, not upon physical beauty. This book, which is concerned with many of the Ethiopians and the Sudan, I dedicated to them.
Chapter 2
The cause of the darkness of their color
The author said, as far as color is concerned, it would appear that there is no obvious cause for it. Nevertheless we have already reported that after the death of Nuh, his sons divided the earth. The person who divided the earth among them was Falagh b. Abir (1). Sam’s sons settled in the centre of the earth, so blackness and whiteness existed among them. Yafit’s sons’ settled in the (direction of) northerly and easterly winds, thus a red and ruddy complexion existed among them. Ham’s sons however, settled in the (direction of) southerly and westerly winds, and so their color changed.
However it is neither true nor authentic that when Nuh’s body appeared naked and Ham did not cover it, Nuh cursed him and consequently Ham became black (30) ……
Chapter 4
The kingdoms of the black people and their extent.
Abd’l Rahman b. Muhammad al Qazaz informs us on the authority of al-Nanur b. Hilal that he said; The earth is 24,000 farsakhs (26) and of these 12,000 belong to the blacks, 8,000 to the people of al-Rum, 3,000 to the Persians and 1,000 to the Arabs (25)……
Chapter 5
The virtues combined in black peoples temperaments.
Among these virtues are strength and willpower, and that produces bravery. We remember the Abyssinians for their generosity, excellent manners, inoffensiveness, cheerfulness, eloquence and being well-spoken, ease of expression and pleasantness of diction (24) ……
Chapter 19
The most brilliant in knowledge among the black people (23)
Among those from Mecca was Ato b. Rabah (2), also called Abu Rabah. He embraced islam….He distinguished himself by his knowledge and by his piety…..
His name was Abu Thabit b. Dinar Abu Yahya (3), and he was a freedman of the tribe of Asad Kufi. He was an eminent scholar. He learned under Ibn Abbas and Ibn Umar…. He was a very religious man, and he once spend a 100,000 dirhams (27) on the poor. He was a black man. 
Yazid b. Abu Habid (4): He was an eminent scholar….
Makhul al-Shami (5): Abu abd Allah was an eminent jurist. He belonged to Amr b. Sa’id b. al Asi, who gave him to a man from the tribe of Hudhayl in Egypt. He was set free there. Makhul said: I did not leave Egypt until I was certain that I had learned all that there was to be learned. Then I traveled to Medina, and I did not leave Medina until I was certain that I had learned all that there was to be learned there….
Ibrahim b. al-Mahdi b. al-Mansur
He was known as Abu Ishaq. He was a very black man, very learned and eloquent, and an excellent poet. He was acknowledged as caliph. (by the tribe of al-Abbas only)…. He died in the year 741AD and the caliph al Mu-tasin led the funeral prayer.
Abd Allah b. Hatim ‘l-Sulami (6)
He was a great emir of Khurasan (28). He was a very knowledgeable man. Many wars happened during his period.
Chapter 20
The (black) poets and those among them who imitated poetry.
Among the (black people’s) great poets is Antara b. al-Shadad (7). His mother was a black Zanj. He composed many outstanding poems….
Among their poets was Suhaym (8), a slave from the tribe of al-Hashas….
Among(the black poets) was Nasib Abu Mihjan Abu Mihjan (9) the poet was the freedman of Abd al Aziz b. Marwan and he was a blackman….Muhammad b. Abu Mansur informs us:….A Zanj women came out of one of the camel litters and set down on the prepared carpets. Then a Zanj man came out and sat down. Then a man leading a camel passed by us, singing the following line: Would like that I could be reunited with Zaynab before the caravan departs. Tell her, even if you are bored with me, my hart will never tire of you. Suddenly the Zanji women jumped on the Zanji man, hit him, beat him and said; You have revealed my identity to people. God will expose you similarly. I said ; Who is this? They said to me: That is the poet Nasib and this is Zaynab…..
Abu Dulana (10) the poet: (d777AD) His name was Zand b. al-Jun. He was a freedman of the tribe of Asad…..Muhammad b. Abd al Baqi informed us on the authority of Ibn Jabir (11) that he said: I entered a Zanj town and I saw a Zanj women grinding rice and crying. She was saying something which I did not understand. I asked a learned man and he said that she was saying:
I cast my eyes right and left
But I did not see anyone who my heart could love except God.
I came to you in humility, with deeds you already knew of, 
And by your generosity you will forgive my sins.
Your hands are not hidden even if the (list of) sins is long,
And your generosity spreads East and West….
Chapter 22
The pious and ascetic people from among (the blacks)
Among those whose names are known, apart from the aforementioned companions (of the Prophet) are:
Abu Mu’awiya al-Aswad (12) who is also called al-Yaman Turk Tursus….the freedman of the Abu Ja’far, was the commander of the faithful, and he used to say to the people; Make use of me, for I’m your servant. I was purchased with the spoils of war….
Dhu’l-Nun b. Ibrahim Abu al-Fayd al Masri (13). He was of Nubian origin….
Abu al-Khayr al-Tinati (14): He lived in al-Taynat which was a village in Antioch….
Muqbil al-Aswad….
Hamid al Aswad (in Mecca)….
Suhayb al Aswad (a black slave in Mecca)….
Those religious black people and ascetics whose names were not known……
A black religious man from Abadan…. There was a Zanj in Abadan with peppery hair and he was living in a rough abode. Taking some things with me, I asked as to his whereabouts. When he saw me he smiled and pointed to the ground with his hand. I saw some shining dirhams (27) and dinars around me. Then he said to me, Give me what you have with you. I gave him and fled, frightened by his behavior.
Chapter 23
The religious and virtuous women from among the black people.
Maymuna ‘l-Sawda. (from Kufa)….
Sha’wana from the tribe of al-Alba…..
Tuhiyya ‘l-Nubiyya…..
(many of whom the name is unknown)
Chapter 24
Those who preferred black slave girls to white ones and those who loved them, and those who died for their love of them.
….. My father said to me: There was a man in Basra from al-Mahalaba who was in love with a black Zanj women who belonged to his neighbor. He kept putting pressure on her master until (he allowed) him to buy her. She greatly occupied his mind at the expense of his family. A group of them including his brothers, criticized him for that but he ignored what they said…..
(this is a chapter filled with love poems)
Ibn al-Marzuban reported on the authority of al-Harith that he said, Al-Farazdaq (21) took a Zanji slave girl to be his concubine, and she bore him a girl. He loved her and he would praise the Zangi race. ….


Ibn Al Jawzi ; Kitab al Muntazam
(General History) (d 1200)
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Taken from: masaha.org/research/book/view/ المنتظم في تاريخ الأمم و الملوك

 

Vol1 p139

Mountains of Andalusia and Mountains of the Moon, their descriptions are made by how tall and the surface they occupy.

Vol1 p155

Abu Abdullah al-Faqih: And God Almighty made the sea with islands and tides, and in the Sea of Fars (15) water thirtieth fold to seventy fold, and contains precious pearls, and then after that the Sea of the Kings of the Arabs will be at the Zinj and Saqalabah (16) and in this island is a lot of amber, countless elephants, and the islands of Al-Wakwak (29) and seven hundred island with a woman queen.

Vol1 p161

And the beginning from the Nile of Egypt from the mountains of the moon and then empties behind two lakes behind the equator, and it circles the land of Nubia, and it comes to Egypt, and part of it in Damietta (17) in the Roman sea, and the rest of it was irrigated in al-Qustantinia until it also poured into the Rumi sea.

Vol1 p162

Cadi Abu Abbas Ahmed bin Bakhtiar (18), said: the first sources run from Mount Moon behind the equator, and emit ten rivers, and they emerge to form the Nile then passing through the city of Nubia, and cut the first province until he came to the second region, and then extends to Egypt The Nile is then divided into seven sections passing westward to Alexandria. And the path of the Nile from its inception to the end of a thousand miles.

Vol17 p16

On 10 May 1095 the Vizier Amid al-Dawla Abu Mansur emerged and marked out the line of the wall around the Harem, and with surveyors he measured it. He ordered taxes for the required expenditure to be taken from the people’s estates and houses. He allowed the common folk to celebrate and take part. The inhabitants of the quarters brought arms, flags, trumpets and drums, and also pick-axes and crowbars, and various sorts of amusements, such as flutes, mimes and shadow plays. The people of the Gate of Degrees created something in the shape of an elephant from reed mats covered with pitch, with people underneath making it move, and similarly they made a giraffe.. ..

Vol13 p175

………………. the translator was standing and addressing Ibn al-Furat (19), and Ibn al-Furat addressing the Caliph, then they went out and they were in the house until they went out to the Tigris, and on the lines were decorated elephants, giraffes, lions and leopards, then he took them off and brought them fifty Saqruqa in each Saqruqa ten thousand dirhams (27).

 

Ibn al Jawzi: Akhbar al Nisa'a (Islamic Women’s Interests)

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Taken from: alwaraq.net

 

Relationship between saliva and a good smell of your breath

And the Arabs claim that the best smell is from the antelope…They claim that the worst animal is the dog. In the people the best are the Zinj (22)… people at old age are the worst as they  have not enough saliva anymore to clean the mouth.

 

Ibn al Jawzi: al Mawdu’at
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Taken from: Arabs and others in early Islam  By Sulayman Bashir 1997

 

The Prophet said: a Zanji is an ass.

(Hadith transmitted through Aisha)

 

Ibn al Jawzi: Zad Al-Masir (Increased Knowledge) (d1200)

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Taken from:   islamicbook.ws  زاد المسير في علم التفسير

 

(What follows is a verse of the Coran and its explanation: Dhu al-Qarnayn = Alexander the Great is travelling+ concurring the Earth: )

Then he followed a way until it reached sunrise and he found it looking at a people, they did not possess anything.

God Almighty said: (Then he followed a way) i.e. another road that would lead him to the east. Qatada said: He went on opening cities and gathering treasures and killing men except for those who were safe, until he came to the dawn of the sun and hit a flock of naked people, who had no food except when the sun burned it when it rose, and when it was in the middle of the sky, they came out of their shelters to seek their livelihood from what the sun had burned. We are informed that they were in a place where no structure can be established, so it is said: They are the Zinj. Al-Hassan said: When the sun went down, they would do the same as the beast. Al-Hassan, Mujahid, Abu Majlaz, Abu Rajaa, and Ibn Muhaisan said: The rising sun. (20)

 

A singing slave girl is presented to a theologian (not from this manuscript)

 

Ibn el Djauzi; Kechf en Nikab fil asma wal alkab  Baghdad
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Taken from : Journal Asiatique 1907

The iman Abou Khalid Moslim b. Khalid qadi and mufti of Mecca who died in 796AD was nicknamed Zendji. He was very white and had received the nickname because of that. Another explanation: One day his slave girl tells him jokingly: One who likes that much the dates can only be a Zendji. And the name stuck. (Kechf fol 20) (see Ibn Ath. T VI p100)
Also: Abou Mohammed Abd er-Rahman ech-Cha’iri, he was also known under the nickname the Zendji (Kechf fol 20)

 


(1) Falagh b. Abir: According to Ibn Athir: Falah son of Abir, is the son  of Salih, son of Arfakhshad , son of Sam, son of Noa.

(2) Ato b. Rabah, also called Abu Rabah: Ata ibn Abi Rabah (646-733). His mother was a Nubian basket weaver while his father was a black man named Aslam; he is described as being black-skinned and flat-nosed. He was a cripple and possessed a limp, and while he was born with one healthy eye, he later developed complete blindness. Ata was raised in Mecca as a mawla (client) of the Qurayshi Abu Khuthaym al-Fihri, where he worked as a Quran teacher. He was appointed mufti of the city and taught in the Great Mosque, where he also lived in the latter years of his life.

(3) Abu Thabit b. Dinar Abu Yahya: Habib b. Abi Thabit Qays b. Dinar, Abu Yahya al-Asadi al-Kufi (d. 119 AH/737 CE). Early collector of Hadith.

(4) Yazid b. Abu Habid: He was born a slave to the Banu ‘Amir ibn Lu’ayy in the year 673CE  and is the son of a Nubian from Damqalah, Abu Habib. He began mastering the various sciences of knowledge from a tender age and grew up to become one of the most prominent and reliable huffaz of hadith in Egypt.

(5) Makhul al-Shami: was a hadith narrator who narrated at least 76 ahadith. (d728 in Damascus).

(6) Abd Allah b. Hatim ‘l-Sulami: Abd Allah b. Hazim as Sulami: (died 692) was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 662–665 and late 683/84, before becoming the nominal Zubayrid governor of the same province between 684 and his death. It was his black mother Agla who was among the ‘raven of the Arabs’.

(7) Antara b. al-Shadad: Antarah ibn Shaddad al-Absi; (525-608) a pre-Islamic Arab knight and poet. Born in Najd in Arabia. He grew up a slave and is described as an Arab crow owing to his dark complexion.

(8) Suhaym: a black slave poet who died in 660. His owner, Abdullah Bin Abi Rabea'a, once decided to give him, as a present, to the third Muslim caliph, Othman Bin Affan. Yet, the caliph  rejected him because of the kind of poems he wrote. 

(9) Nasib Abu Mihjan Abu Mihjan the poet: called al-Thaqafī. In year 9 AH (631/2 AD), he converted to Islam and afterwards joined the Muslim conquest of Persia.

(10) Abu Dulana: Abu Dulama, Zand Ibn Al-Jawn d.777. A black slave, poet and satirist in Arabic. He produced his works at the court of the caliphs Mansura and Mahdi.

(11) The story of Ibn Jabir entering a Zanj town is also mentioned by Abu Nu’aym al-Isfahani (d1038).

(12) Abu Mu’awiya al-Aswad: al Aswad; literally meaning the black; an ascetic who lived in the border city of Tarsus during the eight century. He also fought in numerous raids against the Byzantines.

(13) Dhu’l-Nun b. Ibrahim Abu al-Fayd al Masri: (d859 or 862), was an early Egyptian Muslim mystic and ascetic. Masri should be Misri; meaning Egypt.

(14) Abu al-Khayr al-Tinati: Sufi, (769-954).

(15) Fars: region in Iran.

(16) Saqalabah: the Slaves from Eastern Europe.

(17) Damietta: important town in the delta of the Nile.

(18) Cadi Abu Abbas Ahmed bin Bakhtiar: an important judge from Wasit in the 12th century AD. His statement is repeated by: Suyuti (1445-d1505); Ibn al Jawzi (1257); Ibn al Jawzi (1200); Ibn al-Dawadari (1335); Annon: Dhikr Kalam (15th).

(19) Ibn al-Furat: (855 – 18 July 924) was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate who served three times as vizier under Caliph al-Muqtadir.

(20) This story he copied (like many other authors) from: Umayr Ibn Qatadah 'Ubayd b. 'Umayr (d694).

(21) Al Farazdaq: Arab poet; (641-730). See also on him my webpages: Al-Jahiz-Sudan (869); Ibn Abd Rabbih (940); Abd al-Karim ibn M. al Samani (1172); Ibn al Jawzi (1200); Ibn Manzur (1290).

(22) They have the cleanest teeth of mankind because they have much saliva. This is repeated with variations by: Al-Jahiz (869); Ibn Qutayba (880); Ibn Abd Rabbih (d940); Abu Hilal Al-Askari (1005 AD); Ibn Butlan (1066); Abu Ubayd Al Bakri (1067); Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (1109); Al-Zamakhshari (d1144); Ibn al Jawzi (1200); At Tahqiq fi sira ar raqiq (1250); al-Abshihi (1450); Al Amsati al Hanafi (1478).

(23) Ibn al Jawzi (1200) is one of the few people who gives a list of Zanj people who were renowned scientists. Abd al-Karim ibn M. al Samani (1172) and Al Jahiz; Sudan (869) are the other ones.

(24) literary language in their own tongue, see on this: Al-Jahiz (869); Abu Zaid al Hassan(916); Al Masudi (916); Ibn al-Nadim: (987); Ibn al Jawzi (1200); Wasif Shah (1209); Dimashqi (1325); Nuwayri (1333).

(25) These words are mostly attributed to Qatada (see my webpage: Umayr Ibn Qatadah 'Ubayd b. 'Umayr (d694)); and are repeated by: Ibn al-Fakih al Hamadhani (903); Al Garnati (1169); Abu Nasr Mutahhar al-Maqdisi (966); al Maqrizi (1441); Mudjmal al -Tawarikh (1126); Ibn al Jawzi (d1200) Yakut (1220) and many others.

(26)1 parasangs or farsakhs = 2.8 nautical miles/ about 5km.

As the nautical mile is way closer to the real distance you see often the translation 24000 miles.

(27) Dirham: silver coin of the Arab world (3 gr of silver)

(28) Khurasan: Khorasan: Afghanistan + Eastern Iran.

(29) Waqwaq: in the books three different places are called Waqwaq: in South-East Africa; in Indonesia; around Japan.

(30) This is a refute of the curse of Ham. Many authors mention the curse of Ham: only few refute it.

This is the curse of Ham which is repeated with variations by:

- Ibn Qutayba (880)

- Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (897)

- Al-Kisa'i (d904)

- Al Tabari (922): collects all that was already written about the subject (including denials).

- Eutychius of Alexandria (940)

- Muhammad Bal'ami (10th)

- Grandson of Muhallib bin Muhammad bin Shadi (1126)

- Al Jawzi (1200): he denies the curse.

- Al-Qazwini (1283) in Atar al Bilad

- Al Rabghuzi (1300)

- Al Dimashqi (1325)

- Ibn Khaldun (1406): he denies the curse.

- al Maqrizi (1441)

- Mirkhond (1495)

- Alf layla wa Layla (15th)

- Suyuti (1505): in some of his books refutes it in others he just repeats it.

And many others.